LCN2 and colitis: Some studies have utilized the hypoxic mouse colitis model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), confirming that hypoxia can regulate the HIF-1α signaling pathway by up-regulating lipocalin 2 (LCN2), affecting the glycolysis process and driving the polarization of M1 macrophages, thereby aggravating the pathological damage of colitis (Yang et al., 2024).