IL-10 directly inhibits the antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells (DCs), whereas TGF-β promotes the differentiation of peripheral Tregs by inducing the expression of Foxp3.TGF-β induces peripheral initial T cells into Treg with immunosuppressive function, a process that significantly reduces Th2-type inflammatory responses in oral immunotherapy of AD patients. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.