CD4 and tuberculosis: Although the Th2 CD4 T cell population aids in Mtb proliferation, the Th1/Th17 CD4 T cell population is crucial for treating active TB (23, 51, 52) Additionally, proinflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ aid in inducing Th1-mediated protection in TB, while high IL-4 levels aid in the development of a Th2 response that effectively counteracts protective cytokines and results in a loss of TB control (53).