Furthermore, WISP1-positive clusters showed strong enrichment for EMT-related signatures [primarily involving ECM remodeling effectors like collagen and MMPs, rather than canonical EMT markers in CAFs (26–28)], along with coordinated activation of G2M checkpoint regulators and E2F transcriptional targets, mechanistically linking WISP1 to CAF-mediated stromal remodeling and tumor-promoting functions (29, 30). Here, CCN4 is linked to neoplasm.