AKT1 and neoplasm: Butyrate enhances the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents via two mechanisms: it inhibits tumor cell glycolysis (the “Warburg effect”), reducing energy supply and sensitizing cells to chemotherapy, and it activates the GPR109a–AKT pathway, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, thereby increasing chemosensitivity (Geng et al., 2021).