TNF and chronic periodontitis: The persistent inflammation occurring in periodontitis is commonly associated with an amplified cardiovascular risk, with systemic inflammation and bacteremia possibly initiating endothelial dysfunction with potentiation of vascular inflammation, which is modulated by proinflammatory cytokines including adipokines as chemerin, in addition to IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, both in chronic periodontitis and in CVDs [36].