These approaches have uncovered metabolic-immunoregulatory features of cancer stem cell subpopulations, such as CD133+ cells secreting IL-6 (>35 pg/ml) to polarize M2 macrophages (CD206+ proportion increased from 12% to 54%, p < 0.001) and suppress CD8+ T cell infiltration via spatial lactate gradients (>5 mmol/mm2) (27, 28). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is cancer.