However, previous studies have demonstrated that scopolamine-induced oxidative stress is more severe and sustained, which can impair the Nrf-2 signaling pathway and suppress the expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1, rather than activating it, thereby impairing the cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative damage and being involved in the pathogenesis of AD (Li et al., 2024; Ju et al., 2021; Yoo et al., 2024; Venkatesan et al., 2016; Subedi et al., 2019; Balakrishnan et al., 2023). Here, HMOX1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.