TNF and age: Furthermore, to investigate the effects of prolonged drug therapy on molecular markers related with age-associated cognitive decline and the endocannabinoid system, the study evaluated: (1) cell proliferation and apoptosis through PCNA and caspase-3, which may provide indirect insights into neurogenic activity; (2) neuroinflammatory processes via TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2; and (3) glial activation by assessing CD68 and GFAP expression.