Notably, the specificity of the anti-nephrin antibodies used in this study was also demonstrated through staining in cases of monogenic nephrotic syndrome: a congenital nephrotic syndrome patient with compound heterozygous NPHS1 variants (Case 31) showed no expression of nephrin in the glomeruli (Fig. S4), while patients with mild podocyte damage, such as nephrotic syndrome in remission or asymptomatic proteinuria, showed clear expression of nephrin. Here, NPHS1 is linked to nephrotic syndrome.