Humanin also demonstrated strong discriminative power in distinguishing PL from both BPH and PCa, with statistically significant differences observed (PL vs. BPH, AUC = 0.9855; PL vs. PCa, AUC = 0.9867; both p < 0.0001), supporting its potential utility in identifying patients at intermediate risk of malignant progression. Here, MT-RNR2 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.