However, EMs are different from EVs in that the effects of EMs from SHR were mediated by the increased OPN transfer and subsequent activation of integrin αVβ3/FAK/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, and that EMs of WKY had no significant effects in attenuating VSMCs proliferation and migration, vascular remodelling and hypertension. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and hypertensive disorder.