ALB and substance dependence: This study builds on multiple previous studies that have observed associations of acute or chronic alcohol use behaviors (including frequency and quantity of consumption) and alcohol use disorders (including dependence) with blood concentrations of steroid sex hormones and their regulatory binding proteins (18–23, 50, 51), including our recent study that showed striking differences by sex in associations of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence with testosterone, estradiol, SHBG, and albumin in data from the UK Biobank (18).