PIK3CA and lymphedema: Signaling pathways such as the RAS/MAPK pathway, the PI3K/AKT pathway, the TGF-β1 pathway, and the HGF/MET signaling pathway have been confirmed to play important roles in the development and progression of lymphedema (Visser et al., 2012; Tidyman and Rauen, 2008; Fritz-Six et al., 2008; Agollah et al., 2014; Korhonen et al., 2022; Suzuki et al., 2022; Finegold et al., 2008; Koksharova et al., 2024; Alpaslan et al., 2024) (Table 2).