CCDC88A and inflammatory bowel disease: Of relevance here, GIV is a ubiquitously expressed molecule that is highly expressed in immune cells such as macrophages and serves as a “brake” for the cell surface PRR, TLR4 and modulates macrophage inflammatory responses to LPS (22) and gut barrier integrity during aging (23), cancer (23) and in IBD (7), and it’s gene (CCDC88A) has emerged as a key determinant of macrophage polarization in the SMaRT model (3).