Many studies have indicated that SLE may lead to a higher risk of periodontitis, as SLE is characterized by immune system dysregulation, with overactive phagocyte cells and elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-18, which may have pathogenetic roles in periodontitis (36–38). Here, IL1B is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.