FGF2 and colonic neoplasm: (90) found that purified ginger polysaccharide (UGP1) markedly increased the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, and other pro-inflammatory mediators, decreased levels of TGF-β and bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), and other pro-tumorigenic factors, and induced apoptosis by regulating the p53, caspase-3, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, thereby effectively suppressing the proliferation of human colon cancer cells.