TNF and liver dysplastic nodule: The inflammatory response in DN manifests as infiltration of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) (12, 13), the production of chemokine (CeC motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2) (14), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (15), transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), and vascular endothelial growth factor (16), and tissue damage (4).