In DKD, high blood sugar can stimulate the upregulation of myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8) activate macrophages, MRP8 mediated by fetuin A and the transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1) and CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta (CEBP/β), and change the expression of exosomal miRNAs in macrophages (including miR-193a-3p, miR-1260b, and miR-3175) through the NF-κB/ Janus kinase-signal transducer and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway30. Here, JUN is linked to diabetic kidney disease.