Conversely, M2 macrophages, polarized by cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, contribute to a pro-tumoral microenvironment by secreting immunosuppressive factors like IL-10 and TGF-β, dampening anti-tumor immune responses, promoting tissue remodeling, and facilitating tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis [134–136] (Fig. 2). Here, IL4 is linked to neoplasm.