ESR1 and malignant colon neoplasm: Patients in historically redlined areas were found to have increased rates of estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer diagnoses and increased hazard of mortality among non-Hispanic Black women.39 Among patients with colon cancer, people living in HOLC grade D or redlined areas were more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage colon cancer when compared with people living in HOLC grade A areas.40 Yet, the impact of redlining on access to prehospital care is unknown.