PDPN and neurodegenerative disease: In our model, the overexpression of PP enzymes primarily alters mitochondrial proteins without inducing classical markers of astrocyte reactivity—such as those listed in Tripodi et al. (2023)—nor the markers described in TIC-induced reactive astrocytes (e.g., VCAM1, BST2, ICOSL, HLAE, PD-L1, PDPN), which have been proposed as potential indicators of this reactive state and possible signature of neurodegenerative diseases (Labib et al., 2022).