TIMP1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The ROC curve analysis revealed that TIMP1 (AUC = 0.8519, p-value < 0.0001), CLEC5A (AUC = 0.8287, p-value < 0.0001), and ADM (AUC = 0.8071, p-value = 0.0003) had AUC values exceeding 0.8 and highly significant p-values, indicating their high diagnostic efficiency in distinguishing COPD patients from non-COPD individuals (Figures 4G–M).