CSF2 and neoplasm: Several factors have been identified as influencing the effectiveness of ICIs therapy, including age, viral status, tumor mutational burden (TMB), chemotherapy, antibiotic use, PD-L1 expression, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and geographic heterogeneity (10, 11).