TNF and immune system disorder: Additionally, multiplex cytokine analysis revealed significant elevations in Eotaxin, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, and TNF-α in SZ patients, whereas IFN-γ, IL-9, IL-1ra, IL-13, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and RANTES were reduced (p < 0.05), indicating a complex immune dysfunction associated with SZ.