TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Several plant-derived metabolites have been shown to suppress the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), inhibit key inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in COPD-related models (Mao et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2022).