TNF and cancer: Omega-3 can also reduce the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6 and TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which also works through the COX pathway and competitively antagonizes Omega-6 fatty acids to reduce the production of proinflammatory eicosanoids, thereby improving immune surveillance in the cancer microenvironment.