Potential mechanisms of chronic hyperglycemia leading to END include: (1) Chronic hyperglycemia activates the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, elevating circulating catecholamines (adrenaline/noradrenaline), glucocorticoids (cortisol), and proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, TNF‐α). Here, TNF is linked to Hyperglycemia.