IL33 and glioblastoma: The promoting effect of IL-33 (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.01–2.56) may be related to its role in glial cell activation.[37] As an alarming family member, IL-33 plays important roles in central nervous system injury responses.[38,39] In the GBM environment, IL-33 secreted by activated astrocytes may stimulate tumor cell proliferation through the ST2 receptor, while promoting angiogenesis and matrix remodeling.[40] Notably, IL-33 may also reshape the local immune environment by recruiting type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s).[41,42]