TGFB1 and lung cancer: For instance, co-culturing nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines with exosomes isolated from similar cell lines results in an increase in N-cadherin expression and a downregulation of E-cadherin expression, suggesting that exosomes can induce EMT in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and promote tumor metastasis.[46] Additionally, miR-23a present in exosomes regulates E-cadherin expression in lung cancer cells, prolonging the EMT process through the TGF-β pathway and thereby promoting the metastasis of lung cancer cells.[47] These findings highlight the intimate connection between exosomes and EMT.