ENTPD1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Notably, similar gut–immune axis dysregulation has been observed in other immune-mediated disorders like immune thrombocytopenia, where gut microbiota-derived exosomes activate complement pathways to promote platelet destruction, highlighting conserved mechanisms across diseases.[14] Our study found that CD4+ cells on CM CD4+ and CD25+ on CD39+ secreting Tregs mediate the causal effects of the FUCCAT.PWY.fucose.degradation and Lachnospiraceae_ bacterium_ 3_1_46FAA gut microbiome types in SLE.