HCQ is postulated to offer renoprotection by preferential inhibitory effects on autoimmunity, inhibition of Toll-like receptors, and reduction of production of various cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon (IFN)-γ by inflammatory cells, and inhibition of T cell and B cell activation by interfering with calcium-dependent signalling [44]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Autoimmunity.