INS and diabetes mellitus: Increased plasma BCAA concentrations have been found in obese and type 2 DM patients, and DM-induced rodents with cardiomyopathy, and have been suggested to impair insulin-stimulated glucose uptake via the mTORC1 pathway (Lee et al, 2016a; Lynch and Adams, 2014; Newgard et al, 2009; Tai et al, 2010; Tobias et al, 2018; Tremblay et al, 2005).