CSCs rely on key developmental signaling pathways, including the Notch, Hedgehog, Wnt, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, to sustain their self-renewal, survival, and differentiation capacity.167 These pathways, which are normally active in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, are frequently dysregulated in CSCs, thereby promoting tumor progression and therapy resistance. The gene discussed is PIK3CA; the disease is neoplasm.