Its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in HCC, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer.192,193 OCT4 promotes tumor cell proliferation and invasion through the TGF-β and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, and its high expression in ovarian and testicular cancers is linked to increased metastatic capacity and drug resistance. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.