A preclinical study targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), a CSC-specific marker in prostate cancer, demonstrated the effectiveness of CAR-T-cell therapy in eliminating CSCs and improving cancer treatment outcomes.38 In addition, bioinformatics-driven approaches such as machine learning–based stemness index analysis allow for the identification of CSC-specific features across various cancer types, guiding personalized treatment approaches.39 While significant progress has been made, the CSC theory is still under development. This evidence concerns the gene EPCAM and prostate cancer.