Among these, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4, also known as CD184) is a G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with its ligand CXCL12 to activate key signaling pathways, including the PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, Hedgehog, and ERK1/2 pathways, which are essential for promoting tumor progression, metastasis, and maintenance of the CSC phenotype.146–152 Similarly, LGR5, a critical component of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, plays a pivotal role in sustaining stemness and enhancing tumor growth. Here, PIK3CA is linked to neoplasm.