EPCAM and cancer: A preclinical study targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), a CSC-specific marker in prostate cancer, demonstrated the effectiveness of CAR-T-cell therapy in eliminating CSCs and improving cancer treatment outcomes.38 In addition, bioinformatics-driven approaches such as machine learning–based stemness index analysis allow for the identification of CSC-specific features across various cancer types, guiding personalized treatment approaches.39 While significant progress has been made, the CSC theory is still under development.