TNF and neoplasm: Technological advances such as single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq), single-nucleus RNA-Seq (snRNA-Seq), and spatial transcriptomics are applicable to human tissue samples and have provided unprecedented insights into transcriptional changes across immune cells, muscle fibers, and adipose tissue, uncovering key tumor-derived cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, TWEAK, and PTHrP) and their downstream catabolic pathways (55, 172, 173).