TNF and depressive symptom measurement: Studies show that Dectin-1expression increases in response to brain injury and ischemia., Blocking the receptor minimizes macrophage-mediated axonal damageand reduces microglial activation. Conversely,in studies on major depressive disorder, Dectin-1 has been shown tomodulate the brain’s anti-inflammatory response by reducingthe production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α,which are associated with the development and progression of depression. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’sand Alzheimer’s, evidence suggests that Dectin-1 contributesto neuroinflammation.−,