RB1 can activate PPARγ, decrease phosphorylated NF-κB p65 levels, which inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as neuroinflammation by inhibiting MMP-9 and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) derived free radicals, thereby maintaining the integrity of the BBB ischemic stroke and ameliorating brain injury (Su et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2024). Here, NOX4 is linked to ischemic stroke.