They have the potential to be employed in both chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based immunotherapy and mRNA vaccination procedures.178 The use of antigens (FCGBP, FLNC, TLR7, and CSF2RA) has aided in the development of mRNA cancer vaccines.173 Researchers also identified ARPC1B and HK3 as potential mRNA antigens for building a GBM mRNA vaccine via the same technology and analysis, and they determined that patients in IS2 were the best candidates for GBM immunization.179 MMP9 and SLC16A3 were identified as antigens for GBM, whereas PTBP1 and SLC39A1 were chosen as antigens for LGG. This evidence concerns the gene MMP9 and glioblastoma.