The RNF144 ubiquitin ligase family exhibits broad pathophysiological relevance across reproductive system disorders, spanning gynecological malignancies (epithelioid ovarian carcinoma, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, endometrial adenocarcinoma) to benign conditions (endometriosis, spermatogonial stem cell dysregulation) (Figure 5). Here, RNF144A is linked to reproductive system disorder.