While ANGPT1, SKAP2, SPARC, and STAMBP were identified through MR as upstream drivers of NAFLD, the genes assessed in the Lactobacillus salivarius treatment group (SREBP1, ChREBP, ACC, and FAS) are well-characterized downstream regulators of hepatic lipid metabolism. Here, SREBF1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.