Enrichment analysis based on KEGG gene sets of upregulated DEGs identified altered pathways in Paneth cells during fluoride exposure; compared with the Ctrl group, the top enriched pathways in the F group included those associated with pathogen invasion and intestinal inflammation, such as antigen processing and presentation, Epstein-Barr virus infection, human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection, intestinal immune network for IgA production, leishmaniasis, proteasome, and toxoplasmosis (Figure S1E). Here, CD79A is linked to leishmaniasis.