HIF1A and neoplasm: In gastric cancer, vCAFs have been linked to abnormal tumor angiogenesis and chemotherapy resistance, primarily through the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) pathway, which promotes tumor adaptation to hypoxic conditions and enhances resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies (36, 37).In breast and colorectal cancers, imCAFs are associated with increased tumor-infiltrating Tregs, highlighting their role in establishing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (38).