In conclusion, this review explores the structure of SOCS and its regulated JAK/STAT pathway and summarizes the molecular complexity of the regulatory mechanisms by which SOCS proteins play a role in multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, Graves’ disease, Sjögren’s syndrome, uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis and leukodystrophy in recent years. The gene discussed is SOAT1; the disease is leukodystrophy.