At the cellular model level, Hes1 demonstrates cancer-promoting characteristics: overexpression of Hes1 enhances the invasive ability of CaCo2/SW48 cells, while knockout induces β-galactosidase-mediated cellular senescence (99); it activates aerobic glycolysis via the IGF2BP2-GLUT1 axis, facilitating energy metabolism reprogramming in CRC (147); it preserves cancer stem cell properties and activates the ABC transporter family, mediating 5-FU resistance (73, 82, 151). Here, HES1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.