CD24 and neoplasm: The analysis also measured cancer stemness markers: CD24, associated with cell adhesion and metastatic potential (Altevogt et al., 2021); CD90 (also known as THY1), a glycoprotein linked to tumorigenicity (Sauzay et al., 2019); CD73 (also known as NT5E), an enzyme involved in immune suppression within the tumour microenvironment (Roh et al., 2020); and CD274 (also known as PD-L1), which helps tumours evade immune detection (Cha et al., 2019).