Also, CXCL10 has been reported to modulate anti-tumor immunity in certain cancers, as opposed to being upregulated in MASH.36 Therefore, our data suggest that P. dorei may ameliorate the tumor progression by promoting the TGF-β and CXCL10 which modulate anti-tumor immunity. Here, TGFB1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.