UQCRH and neoplasm: Complex III dysfunction or mutations can lead to impaired electron transfer and reduced ATP synthesis, which are associated with various mitochondrial diseases and metabolic disorders.65 In cancer, multiple complex III subunits show distinctive roles: UQCRC1 has oncogenic effects on pancreatic cancer,66 UQCRC2 overexpression is correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer,67 whereas UQCRH acts as a tumor suppressor in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).68