IFNA1 and neoplasm: When classical mitochondrial autophagy is blocked, cancer cells maintain mitochondrial homeostasis by increasing MDV release and achieving mitochondrial transfer through various pathways, including TNTs and phagocytosis.333 At the immune regulation level, mtDNA release and EV-mediated transfer may promote tumor immune evasion through the STING-IFN signaling pathway and suppress immune responses by affecting T-cell function.334 This complex molecular network helps tumor cells acquire chemotherapy resistance and reshape energy metabolism, providing continuous momentum for tumor progression.