These cell states are characterized by distinct gene expression profiles and the activity of gene regulatory networks, such as (high) expression of paired-like homeobox 2b (PHOX2B), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 3 (CHRNA3) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) in ADRN cells, and periostin (POSTN) and paired related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) in MES tumor cells [20, 23, 24]. Here, PRRX1 is linked to neoplasm.