Alterations in key PD-associated proteins, including α-syn, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), PINK1, parkin, DJ-1, F-box only protein 7 (FBXO7), and ATPase Cation Transporting 13A2 (ATP13A2), can disrupt mitochondrial function, leading to increased ROS production and heightened susceptibility to oxidative stress [369, 370]. Here, PRKN is linked to Parkinson disease.