Interestingly, these pathways were consistently enriched in the high TXNDC12 expression group across multiple HNSCC cohorts, including TCGA HNSCC, GSE127165, GSE40774, GSE31056, GSE30784 and GSE25727 (Supplementary Fig. 6a–f). Here, TXNDC12 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.